Sport medicine | Aims | Scope | Sport injuries | Classification| Bone injuries | Fracture | Management| Prevention|

          SPORT MEDICINE        

Figure: - sport medicine

Introduction of sport medicine: 

🏅Father of Sports Medicine: - HERODICUS  

▶Sport medicine is a branch of medical science that deals with the treatment of injuries related to sports and games. 

→It helps in preventing, diagnosing and treating the sports injuries. 

→It is branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness & treatment & prevention of injuries related to spots & exercise. 

Or,

▶ It is an area of medical practice concerned with the treatment of injuries resulting from Athletic activities.

→ A physician practicing sports medicine from a sports-related service, thus may include preventor measures such as conditioning and injury prevention as well as treatments such as osteopathic, manipulation, rehabilitation.

→ Without the knowledge of sport medicine, it is difficult to carry the performance of a sport person 

 ▶ Aims of sport medicine: -

• 🔽To provide information to sports persons about sport injuries.
• 🔽Provide knowledge about the causes of injuries 
• 🔽Provide treatment & rehabilitation for sport injuries, medical treatment such as hydrotherapy, IR rays, electro therapy etc.
• 🔽To provide knowledge about preventive measures of sports medicine. 

▶ Scope of sport medicine: -

• 🔽Human anatomy & physiology.
• 🔽Sports & first aid 
• 🔽Prevention of accidents in sports 
• 🔽Female & sports 
• 🔽Specific nutrition for sports person. 
• 🔽Preventive & curative exercise.
• 🔽Sports & traumatology.
• 🔽Physiotherapy.
• 🔽Sports injury Rehabilitation.
• 🔽Scientific promotion of sports.
• 🔽Fitness for sports. 

▶Sport injuries: -

• 🔽Sports Injuries (common in the field of game & sports)
• 🔽 A sports injury refers to damage to part of the body due to sports, exercise, or athletic activities. It can be acute (sudden) or chronic (develop over time). Sports injuries can affect muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones during practice and training.

▶Classification: -

1) Soft tissue injuries

2) Bone injuries 

3) Joint injuries 

🏅Contusion: 

Muscle injury occurs due to direct hit with or without any sponts equipment. Blood vessels in the muscle are broken, bleeding occurs. Softness and swelling is common sign.

Muscle become inactive. Common in- Boxing, Wrestling, Kabaddi.

🏅Abrasion: - (Skin injury): -

Occurs due to friction with any equipment or a fall over the area where the bone is close skin. Occurs in outer layer of skin.

🏅Bruises: -

An injury appearing as an area of discolored skin (red to blue or dark purple) on the body. 

caused by a blow or impact, rupturing the underlying blood vessels.

🏅Strain: -

Mild ore severe muscle injury. Muscle may rupture in severe case, may happen during practice or clash.

In case of complete rupture, movement of the limb is not possible due to severe pain.

🏅Sprain: - (Ligament Injury)

It occurs due to over stretching or tearing of treatment. Occur at wrist joint & ankle joint, knee joint. Sometimes fracture may also occur with it, Swelling, Inflammation, Sevene pain, tenderness" (common Symptoms).

🏅Bone Injuries: -

 

🔽Simple Fracture - A fracture without wound. 

🔽Compound fracture - Along with fracture skin & muscle are also damaged. Generally, the broken bones come outside tearing the skin. 

 🔽Complicated fracture- along with fracture, internal organs like tissue, nerve or arteries are damaged. Common in high jump & pole vault. 

 🔽Green Stick Fracture- Common in children because their bong are delicate & can bend on stress.

 🔽Comminuted fracture - Bone is broken into two or more pieces. Common in cycle & motorcycle injuries.

 🔽Impacted fracture - Fractured bone enters into another bone.

 🔽Depressed fracture- bones broken & go down below their normal level. Found in the skull. 

🏅Joints Injuries: -

1) Dislocation of lower Jaw: - Occurs when chin strikes to another object; also occur when mouth is open excessively. 

2) Dislocation of shoulder Joint:  Occurs due to sudden jerk on a fall on hard surface. The end 

of humerus comes out from the socket.

3) Dislocation of hip Joint: Occurs by putting maximum strength spontaneously, head of the femur is displaced from the socket.

▶Management of Injuries: - 

1. Basic knowledge of first aid is essential.

2. Immediate first aid is required.

🏅 In case of Contusion: -

•  ⇾Cold compression should be used immediately around half an hour,
•  ⇾Cold compression should be given - 5 to 6 times.
•  ⇾Anti-inflammatory medicine
•  ⇾If swelling persists, consult doctor

🏅 In case of Strain: - 

• ⇾Strained organ should be kept in comfortable position.
• ⇾ Pour cold water for - (20-30) minutes
• ⇾Ice should not be given directly. (with cotton) 
• ⇾light massage for 2 to 3 days.
• ⇾Analgesics may be given.
• ⇾Complete rest for 1 week
• ⇾Warm water therapy. 

🏅 In case of Sprain: -

• ⇾Comfortable positioned 
• ⇾Cold compression (10-20 min) & 6-8 times/day.
• ⇾Injured limb should be elevated 
• ⇾Analgesics
• ⇾warm water therapy, light massage 
• ⇾In ankle sprain (a-type bandage).

🏅In case of Abrasion: - 

• ⇾Injured part should be washed (antiseptic liquid).
• ⇾Dressing 
• ⇾Anti- tetanus injection.
• ⇾Analgesics. 

🏅In case of Fracture: - 

• ⇾Try to locate the fracture by touching gently
• ⇾Don't move fractured limbs
• ⇾Use splints & bandage to keep the limb stable
• ⇾In compound fracture, don't wash the wound.
• ⇾Use dry & disinfectant bandage. 
• ⇾For vertebrae Fracture, athlete should be lifted carefully (avoiding bending, twisting etc) to the hospital.
• ⇾For ribs fracture, immobilizing bandage should be applied as it reduces further damage. 
• ⇾For femur fracture, anesthetics should be given & affected leg should be immobilized.

🏅In case of Joints: - 

• ⇾Immobilize the affected limb by bandage.
• ⇾Don't try to adjust the dislocated limb without a doctor. 
• ⇾Athlete should be taken to hospital on stretcher.

🔽Cause of sport injury: -

• Improper instruments 
• Fatigue
• Poor warmup
• Impact
• Technique or posture.
• Overuse
• Over twist
• Poor technique
• Unilateral movement.

🏅Prevention: -

1. Proper warmup
2. Proper conditioning
3. Balance diet
4. Proper knowledge of sport skills
5. Use of protective equipment.
6. Proper sport facilities
7. Unbiased officiating
8. Do not over twist.
9. Use of proper technique
10. Obeying the rule
11. Proper cooling down.

🏅Treatment: -

1. Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation [RICE]. Rest: - 48 hours, Ice: - 20 minutes - 4 to 8 times per day, Compress: - to prevent swelling, Elevation: -6 to 10 inches above heart
2. Do chest compression.
3. Management of shock
4. First aid and treatment
5. Management of Heat Stroke
6. Management of frost bite
7. Hydrotherapy
8. Electrotherapy and heat
9. Ultrasound
10. Short wave therapy

▶Medicolegal Importance of Sports Medicine 

It includes: 

1. The standard of health care expected of sports clinicians.
2. The difficulties arising from the tripartite, relationship of athlete, clinician, sports organizations.
3. The relationship between medical research, game rule change & legal liability with special reference to neck injuries & concussion.
4. Drugs & anti-doping.
5. The emergence of human rights law with attention to single-sex sports & the sex status of athletes, pregnant athletes. 

▶Doping: -

• Doping refers to the use of banned substance in competitive sports. 
• Performance enhancing drugs (PED) is another term used by athletes to improve their athletic performance 
• The substances banned are: -

(i) Anabolic Steroids

(ii) Peptide hormones (human GH) 

(iii) Stress drugs & stimulant 

(iv) Alcohol 

(v) Beta blocker 

(vi) Diuretics

🔽 Test methods are: - Urine test, Blood test.

Thank you, stay connected, Best of Luck.......